V. Walter Odajnyk
Archetype and Character: Power, Eros, Spirit, and Matter Personality Types
Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
In one sense, the last truly ‘philosophical’ book on Jungian typology was published more than 40 years ago. It is not that new titles on Jungian typology and Myers-Briggs have not appeared; it is rather that these books have fallen into two non-philosophical categories: Some have been management and coaching books that merely ‘deliver the basics,’ rehashing what is already known. (These books are, in our opinion, rarely very good.) The other type of books have been the purely psychological/psychometric titles, amongst the better books of this nature are Isabel Myers’ ‘Gifts Differing‘ and David Keirsey’s ‘Please Understand Me.’ And while this latter type of books do tend to contribute something new, they happily avoid Jung’s advice that the person who would understand these ideas should also “know a little history [and] a little philosophy.”
By ‘philosophical’ we mean that the author is not just trained in psychology or medicine, but is of broad erudition (indeed, much broader than the narrow and overly-technical specializations that pass for ‘philosophy’ at universities today). The person who would truly understand the full wealth of Jungian typology, including the functions, must have a basic knowledge of philosophy and history, as is also evident from Jung’s ‘Psychological Types‘ itself.
Not only is Odajnyk the sort of man whom Jung would have wished to dabble in typology; Odajnyk is also an academic by training, and his book is written so as to live up to sound academic standards of publishing. Thus it is a pleasure and a relief to read a book on Jungian typology where the author goes out of his way to reference and give due credit to preceding thinkers in the field and to point out parallels between the ideas that he is presenting in ‘Archetype and Character’ and the work of others.
It cannot be stressed enough how the standard academic method, as employed by Odajnyk, has hitherto been lacking in the field of Jungian typology where authors rarely credit anybody but themselves at any length and where ideas and developments are frequently copied and passed off as one’s own. Odajnyk has written a serious book on Jungian typology that employs a true researcher’s methodology and for that alone he is to be commended.
Odajnyk’s Typology
In the book, Odajnyk proposes a new typology that is compatible with the basic schema of Jungian typology. Odajnyk proposes that besides our usual four-letter code, we also have personality on a ‘deeper level’, that is, on the level of the Jungian notion of the collective unconscious. Where ‘normal’ typology sets out to measure one’s tangible personality, as related to oneself, Odajnyk’s typology is instead concerned with the archetypical motivations active in one’s own character which, according to Odajnyk, stem from the welling-up of archetypes from the collective unconscious. Hence Odajnyk calls his typology an ‘archetypal- motivational typology’ that deals with “innate drives that seek expression in everyday attitudes and forms of behavior.”
Odajnyk presents four main archetypes that can be active in the individual’s unconscious: Power, Love, Spirit, and Matter. Power and Love are opposites in the same way that Thinking and Feeling are opposites in the standard Jungian typology; likewise, Matter and Spirit are opposites in the same manner that Sensing and Intuition are in opposition. Odajnyk defines them thus:
“I define Power as the urge for domination and control; [Love] as the desire for connections and union; [Spirit] as fascination with art, fantasy and ideas; and [Matter] as interest in the natural universe.”
Throughout the book, Odajnyk has a tendency to refer to his archetypes by their Greek names. Love types are therefore referred to as Eros by Odajnyk, while Matter and Spirit are referred to as Physis and Pneuma, respectively. Power, however, is simply referred to as Power.
The reader versed in Greek will wonder why Odajnyk does not make use of the Greek word Kratos, to describe his power type. This irregularity in nomenclature is, however, not addressed in the book and so the reader is left to ponder that on his own.
It is also to be noted that two of Odajnyk’s four types (Love and Power) are the same as two of Irving Singer’s types (Philia and Eros) in Singer’s ‘The Nature of Love.’ Peculiarly, this overt similarity also goes unmentioned in the book.
Odajnyk’s four basic types, as described above, hold real value and can readily be employed even if one does not believe in the collective unconscious. For example, a Power archetype can be explained by a penchant for narcissism, or a Love archetype can be explained by a childhood inability to connect with one’s parents, thus rendering the child unable to connect with the people around him, even as he desperately wishes to do so, thus forming the cognitive backdrop of Odajnyk’s Love type an adult.
Even if one does not accept Odajnyk’s (and Jung’s) metaphysics, then, one can thus still derive real value from Odajnyk’s ideas as presented in the book.
Introversion/Extroversion, Soul and Spirit
As has been said, Odajnyk’s four basic types are sound. However, to Odajnyk’s four basic types (Power, Love, Matter, and Spirit), he then adds two qualifiers whose merits are more questionable: The first is Introversion vs. Extroversion and the second is Soul vs. Spirit.
The problem with Odajnyk’s use of Introversion vs. Extroversion is simple: Odajnyk simply does not delineate how extroversion/introversion in his ‘archetypal- motivational typology’ differs from extroversion/introversion as it is used in ‘normal’ Jungian typology. Indeed, when Odajnyk proceeds to argue why he thinks Freud is an introvert in his new typology, his arguments can scarcely be set apart from the type of arguments that one would use to argue that Freud was an introvert in terms of ‘normal’ Jungian typology. Thus it is not clear how or why extroversion/introversion should be included in Odajnyk’s typology and one could easily imagine a version of Archetype and Character that had stood stronger without Odajnyk’s inclusion of introversion and extroversion.
The second qualifier which Odajnyk introduces on top of his four basic types is that of Soul vs. Spirit. Regrettably, this is the least developed aspect of Odajnyk’s work. The concepts, according to Odajnyk, are as follows: If one is of a Spirit temperament, one prefers fire, quickness, heights, masculinity, and is inclined to feel stimulated by action and boldness. And, on the other hand, if one has a Soul temperament, one prefers darkness, slowness, depths, femininity, and has a tendency towards reflection and fantasy.
|
Soul |
Spirit |
|
Darkness |
Fire |
|
Slowness |
Quickness |
|
Femininity |
Masculinity |
|
Depths |
Heights |
|
Reflections |
Action |
|
Fantasy |
Boldness |
Tellingly, perhaps, the chapter on the Soul vs. Spirit types is rather short and it is not sufficiently clear how either disposition actually influences the individual who is supposedly characterized by it. What is more, Odajnyk’s groundwork in terms of research, which is otherwise of a very high standard, tends towards the lackluster with regards to this chapter. For example, for a book that uses Greek concepts and delves into archetypes, it seems strange for Parmenides to go unmentioned in a chapter dealing with the opposition of ‘light and night.’ Likewise, Zoroastrian Fire Temples are mentioned in passing as a possible mythological expression of the Spirit archetype, but no efforts are made to connect the Zoroastrian notion of ‘all-consuming darkness’ to the Soul archetype, which would otherwise have been evident in this regard.
Odajnyk’s qualifiers of Introversion vs. Extroversion and Soul vs. Spirit are therefore hard to accept as genuine typological categories that improve or build upon the existing schemata of Jungian typology. With regards to Introversion vs. Extroversion, a proper role needs to be specified for it within the arrangement of Odajnyk’s archetypal-motivational typology; a role that sets it properly apart from extroversion and introversion as these terms are normally used in Jung’s typology. With regards to the construct of Soul vs. Spirit, it does undeniably seem that the seeds for the successful identification of a pair of genuine archetypical opposites are present, but, as noted, more research is needed in order to unearth the full value and application of these concepts. A recent title that will no doubt interest readers that are out to do so is Martin J. Henn’s fascinating study of the similarities between Parmenides’ poem and the Zoroastrian tradition which provides an illuminating and highly original philosophical inquiry into the nature of these concepts.
Odajnyk on Freud, Adler, and Jung
Having thus laid down the premises of his typology, Odajnyk spends the rest of the book in demonstration of his system, by giving us his assessment of the types of Freud, Adler and Jung. All three studies are well-written and worthwhile reads, yet they are also quite different in nature.
Odajnyk’s analysis of Freud is largely concerned with presenting the established picture of Freud as a self-estranged and disingenuous neurotic with a sepulchral temperament and overt tyrannical tendencies. Furthermore, a significant portion of the chapter on Freud is dedicated to Freud’s relationship with Jung and to stories on Freud of which Jung is the only source (which compromises their credibility somewhat). The practical consequence of this prioritization is that the chapter on Freud appears as a prolegomena to the later chapter on Jung – a prolegomena that fails to get under the skin of the man himself, and which implicitly relegates Freud to a position where he is almost a footnote to Jung.
We then move on to Adler. Of the book’s three portraits, Odajnyk’s analysis of Adler, which relies in no small part on Edward Hoffman’s previous studies, is the true gem of the three. Odajnyk succeeds in painting another picture of Adler than the popularly accepted one of Adler as ‘the most quarrelsome of a very quarrelsome lot.’ Odajnyk portrays Adler as a Feeling type, in particular an Fe type (though he does not use the term), and throughout his analysis, Odajnyk succeeds in conveying a tone of genuine affection for Adler the man, as Odajnyk argues that even the disagreeable traits in Adler’s personality stemmed not from a place of ill will, but merely from Adler ‘being human, all too human.’ Of the three men analyzed by Odajnyk, there can be no doubt that Adler emerges from Odajnyk’s analysis as the most likeable and personable of the three.
Lastly, we arrive at Odajnyk’s analysis of Jung. The first thing to strike the reader is Odajnyk’s even-handedness in dealing with Jung’s undesirable traits, which is to be much commended. There is no tendency towards hagiography here; in fact, though he is presumably a Jungian, Odajnyk takes great care to credit Adler with many of the psychological innovations that are today widely thought to have originated with Jung, but which apparently emerged with Adler. Nor does Odajnyk pull any punches in detailing Jung’s involvement with the Nazis in the 1930s. (Though not personally an anti-Semite, Jung used the anti-Semitism of the rising Nazi movement to oust Freud’s ideas from the psychoanalytical movement, so as to give his own ideas a greater prominence.)
The chapter on Jung has a grey and dark feeling-tone to it, a bleakness which seems appropriate given the biographical details that are now known about Jung. No attempt is made to construe Jung’s ideas as ‘objective discoveries’, and the profoundly personal character of Jung’s thinking is continuously stressed by Odajnyk, which again appears to be consonant with people like Henry Murray’s description of Jung as “having something of the schizophrenic in him.” Though the chapter on Jung makes for sinister reading, Odajnyk’s analysis strikes the reader as both objective, even-handed, and true, and hence is to be highly recommended to anyone seeking to understand Jung as a human being, rather than as a saint or devil.
Assessment of ‘Archetype and Character’
Overall, ‘Archetype and Character’ is a worthwhile read. The book is well-written and the arguments are clear and easy to follow. As has been mentioned, Odajnyk employs the academic method to great effect, and the return of ‘serious authors’ to the field of Jungian typology will no doubt serve to raise the status of the field as a whole. That being said, however, Archetype and Character is not a book that is without its problems.
As we have just mentioned, Odajnyk’s arguments are always intelligible and clear, but on the other hand they are not always well-developed. In more than one place, the initial thoughts are laid out before the reader and then abandoned again before their full merit has been expounded upon (as was for example the case with Odajnyk’s chapter on Soul vs. Spirit). Nor is the relationship between standard Jungian typology and Odajnyk’s new archetypical-motivational typology ever properly fleshed out, which stands as a rather serious omission.
A further problem with Archetype and Character is that while the book’s arguments are clear, the same cannot properly be said of its concepts. For example, the concept of Spirit is used in two different ways, just like it is not clear why the basic Love type is not the same as Odajnyk’s temperament of Soul. And as mentioned, some of the book’s concepts are rendered in Greek, others are not, even though they are part of the same methodical construct.
Likewise, Odajnyk does not always appear particularly meticulous about the claims he is setting forth. With regards to Freud, for example, Odajnyk first appears to accept Jung’s assessment of Freud as an INF type (p. 67), as well as posit that Freud’s thinking function is extroverted (pp. 66-68). So far, so good, but then later in the book, Odajnyk suddenly claims that Freud’s thinking is introverted (p. 145) and that Freud had a preference for intuition over sensation (p. 146). And finally, even later in the book, Odajnyk then claims Freud was an an ISF type with F dominance in his early life (p. 207), as well as an IST type with S dominance in later life (also on p. 207).
Similarly, Alfred Adler is first posited to be an ENF type with N dominance (p. 128) but then later in the book Adler is identified as an ESF type with F dominance (p. 207). Again, this seems hard to understand, and no explanation is offered to help the reader make sense of these apparent contradictions.
Hence, for all of its merits, Archetype and Character is also a work that is lacking in conceptual rigor. It is not that Odajnyk cannot be critical, for in commenting on the work of fellow Jungian analyst John Beebe, Odajnyk quite correctly characterizes the work of Beebe as overly arbitrary and lacking universal psychometric validity (a critique to which we subscribe).
However, the basic premise of Odajnyk’s typology is sound. The development offered upon the basic Jungian notion of types is interesting, and many of the self-professed reformers and innovators in the field will undoubtedly wish that they had been the ones to come up with it. (We certainly do!) Furthermore, by making good use of the Jungian archetypes and by relegating his typology to the domain of the collective unconscious, Odajnyk has succeeded in crafting a typology that is in some sense more ‘Jungian’ than Jung’s own! (As van der Hoop notes, Jung gradually lost interest in his own typology, preferring instead to dedicate himself to the study of alchemy and archetypes.) Thus, readers who consider themselves Jungians and who are interested in Jung’s work as a whole will no doubt find Archetype and Character a stimulating read, while on the other hand, people who are uninterested in Jung’s work, but are merely in the market for a typology ‘that works’ will find Odajnyk’s book less relevant to their pursuits.
As mentioned, Odajnyk’s strengths are his receptiveness to archetypical content and his originality in exhuming new concepts relevant to typology. His weaknesses are a lack of conceptual clarity and a difficulty in operationalizing his concepts. Archetypically speaking, perhaps no one thinker can master both these areas of expertise: Perhaps the person who can detect the themes that are at play deep in the human psyche cannot also be the person to hammer these concepts into a clear-cut system with definite edges and firm delineations. Thus, in terms of his personal disposition as a thinker and writer, Odajnyk resembles that of Jung himself.
CelebrityTypes received a reviewer copy of ‘Archetype and Character‘ from the book’s publishers at Palgrave MacMillan.