Type D Personality Test (DS14)

The concept of the Type D, or distressed, personality was introduced in the late 1990s and refined in 2005 by Johan Denollet, a researcher at Tilburg University. Denollet developed this model after observing that certain individuals consistently experience heightened emotional distress while suppressing their feelings in social settings. Unlike models that examine traits in isolation, the Type D framework focuses on the intersection of emotional vulnerability and social containment. By evaluating how these two tendencies interact, researchers aimed to understand why some individuals carry a chronic burden of stress that influences both mental well-being and physical health outcomes.

To measure this construct, Denollet introduced the 14-item Type D Scale (DS14). The DS14 was designed as a brief, standardized self-report tool evaluating the two distinct components of the distressed personality profile. Rather than viewing distress as a temporary mood state, the DS14 treats it as a stable personality pattern marked by a joint vulnerability to negative emotion and social reticence. Over the past two decades, the scale has become widely used in health psychology and behavioral cardiology, offering insights into how emotional tendencies affect physical health, coping, and personal resilience.

The assessment evaluates two core facets. The first is Negative Affectivity, which describes the tendency to experience negative emotions across time and situations. Individuals who score high in this area frequently report feelings of unhappiness, worry, and irritability, often dwelling on minor setbacks. The second facet is Social Inhibition, which reflects the tendency to hold back feelings and behavior during social interactions due to discomfort or fear of disapproval. When these two traits occur together, a person experiences frequent internal distress while lacking the social outlets needed to express and process those feelings.

Extensive research using the DS14 has demonstrated that combining high negative affectivity and high social inhibition can have notable implications for health and well-being. Studies in medical psychology link the Type D profile to higher stress, lower life satisfaction, and elevated burnout. In cardiovascular research, individuals with high Type D scores often exhibit elevated physiological stress responses and lower reported quality of life. Importantly, researchers emphasize that Type D is a vulnerability trait rather than a clinical disorder; it describes how a person typically reacts to stress and navigates social environments.

The comparison markers displayed alongside your results offer estimated context derived from published community samples that completed the DS14. A typical adult sample generally scores near the midpoint of the range, reflecting moderate emotional sensitivity and social restraint. These reference markers are loose population estimates rescaled from published research, not validated percentile norms for this specific online assessment. View these markers as a general point of reference to help contextualize your scores, rather than an exact ranking of where you stand relative to others.

This assessment is provided strictly for educational and entertainment purposes. It is not a clinical diagnostic instrument, and a high score does not constitute a diagnosis of any mental health condition or medical disorder. This test is based on the DS14 but utilizes original phrasing for its items and is not affiliated with Johan Denollet, Tilburg University, or any associated institutions. If your scores reflect patterns of stress that cause you distress, consider speaking with a qualified mental health professional.

References

• Denollet, J. (2005). DS14: Standard Assessment of Negative Affectivity, Social Inhibition, and Type D Personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 89-97.